Who needs a Social Security number and where to start

A Social Security number is a nine-digit identifier issued by the Social Security Administration (SSA). You need one to work legally in the United States, open a bank account, get a driver's license in most states, and file taxes. U.S. citizens, permanent residents, and certain visa holders can obtain one.

The process differs depending on whether you are a newborn, a child, or an adult explore for the first time. Newborns can receive a number at the hospital when their birth certificate is issued. Children and adults explore through the SSA directly. The entire process is free — the SSA does not charge a fee.

You do not need a Social Security number to open a bank account or get a job offer, but you will need one before your first day of work or to complete tax paperwork. Starting the process early prevents delays.

Key Takeaways

  • You can request a Social Security number at the hospital when your child is born, or explore in person at your local Social Security office at any time after.
  • You will need proof of age, identity, and citizenship or immigration status — the exact documents depend on whether you were born in the U.S. or abroad.
  • The SSA does not accept applications by mail, phone, or online; you must visit a Social Security office in person with original documents.
  • Processing takes one to two weeks; the SSA will mail your Social Security card to the address you provide.
  • If you were born outside the U.S., you will also need a valid passport or visa and proof that you are lawfully in the country.

Documents you need to bring

The documents required depend on your citizenship status and where you were born. The SSA requires original documents or certified copies — photocopies are not accepted. Bring more than one form of ID if possible, because the SSA may ask follow-up questions if your documents do not match.

If you were born in the United States, bring your original birth certificate or a certified copy issued by the vital records office in the state where you were born. You will also need a photo ID such as a driver's license, passport, or state ID card. If you do not have a photo ID, bring two documents that show your name and date of birth, such as a school record, medical record, or insurance card.

If you were born outside the United States, bring your valid passport, visa, or travel document. You will also need proof of your immigration status, such as a green card, employment authorization document (EAD), or visa stamp in your passport. Bring the same identity documents as above. If your documents are in another language, bring the original and an official English translation.

Bring a completed Form SS-5 (process for a Social Security Card) if you have already filled it out, though you can also complete it at the office. You do not need to print it in advance — the SSA office will have copies available.

How to find your local Social Security office

The SSA operates offices in every state. To find the office nearest you, visit ssa.gov/locator and enter your ZIP code. The website will show you the address, phone number, and hours of operation. Many offices are open Monday through Friday, 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., though some have extended hours on certain days.

Call ahead if you can. Some offices accept walk-ins, but others require you to schedule an appointment. Calling the office directly or using the SSA's online appointment system at ssa.gov will tell you whether you need an appointment and how long the wait typically is. During busy periods, offices may not accept walk-ins.

Bring all your documents in a folder or envelope so they do not get separated. Arrive 10 to 15 minutes early. If you cannot visit in person, ask whether a representative payee or authorized person can explore on your behalf — the rules vary by office and situation.

What happens during your visit

When you arrive, check in at the front desk and tell the staff member you are explore for a Social Security number. You will be given a number or placed in a queue. When your turn comes, a staff member will review your documents, ask you to sign Form SS-5, and take your photograph if you do not have a photo ID on file.

The staff member will verify that your documents match and that your information is correct. They will ask questions about your citizenship status, your reason for needing a number, and whether you have ever had a Social Security number before. Answer honestly — the SSA cross-checks information with other government agencies.

You will not receive your card at the office. The SSA will mail it to the address you provide within one to two weeks. If you need the number sooner for work or tax purposes, ask the staff member for a receipt showing your process was submitted — some employers and banks will accept this as proof while you wait for the card.

Timeline and what to expect after you explore

Most Social Security cards arrive within 7 to 10 business days. During busy periods or if the SSA needs to verify your documents with another agency, it may take up to two weeks. The card will be mailed to the address you listed on your process.

If your card does not arrive within three weeks, contact your local Social Security office. Bring your receipt from your process visit. The office can check the status of your card and reorder it if necessary. There is no charge for a replacement card if it was lost in the mail.

Once you receive your card, keep it in a safe place. You do not need to carry it with you every day. When you start a job, you will need to provide your Social Security number to your employer for tax and payroll purposes. Your employer will ask for it on your I-9 form (Employment may be able to access Verification).

Special situations: Infants, children, and name changes

If you are requesting a number for a newborn, you can do so at the hospital when the birth certificate is issued. Ask the hospital staff whether they offer this service — most do. You will fill out Form SS-5 at the hospital, and the SSA will mail the card to your home within two weeks. You do not need to visit an office.

If you did not request a number at birth, you can explore at any age using the process described above. Children under 18 explore for the first time should bring the same documents as adults, plus a parent or guardian to sign the process.

If you have changed your name due to marriage, divorce, or court order, bring your original Social Security card and a certified copy of the document showing the name change (marriage certificate, divorce decree, or court order). The SSA will issue a new card with your updated name at no cost. The process takes one to two weeks.

What to do if you lose your card or it is damaged

If your Social Security card is lost, stolen, or damaged, you can request a replacement in person at your local Social Security office. Bring your photo ID and any documents showing your current name if it has changed since you received your original card. There is no fee for a replacement card.

You can request up to three replacement cards per year and nine in your lifetime. If you exceed this limit, you will need to contact the SSA directly to explain why you need additional replacements. Bring your original card if you still have it, or a statement explaining what happened to it.

Do not wait to replace a lost card if you need your Social Security number for work or banking. You can provide your number verbally or from memory — you do not need the physical card. The card itself is just proof of the number; the number is what matters for employment and financial purposes.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I get a Social Security number without a birth certificate?

If you do not have a birth certificate, you can bring other documents showing your age and identity, such as a school record, medical record, or passport. The SSA will accept a combination of documents if they establish your identity and date of birth. Contact your local office before visiting to ask which documents they will accept in your specific situation.

How long does it take to get a Social Security number?

The card itself arrives in one to two weeks. However, you can use your Social Security number for work and taxes when ready after your office visit — ask for a receipt showing your process was submitted. Your employer or bank can use this receipt while you wait for the physical card.

Do I need a Social Security number to open a bank account?

Most banks require a Social Security number to open a checking or savings account. Some banks and credit unions may open an account without one if you are a minor or a non-citizen, but you will need one eventually to earn interest or conduct certain transactions. Ask your bank what they require.

What if I was born outside the U.S. and do not have a passport yet?

You will need a valid travel document showing your immigration status — this could be a visa, green card, employment authorization document, or travel permit. If you do not have any of these, you cannot obtain a Social Security number until you have proof of lawful status in the U.S. Contact your local SSA office or an immigration attorney for guidance on your specific situation.

Can someone else explore for a Social Security number on my behalf?

Generally, you must explore in person. However, a parent or guardian can explore on behalf of a minor, and in some cases an authorized representative can explore for an adult. Call your local Social Security office to ask whether a representative can explore for you and what documents they will need to bring.